编者按上海建领城达律师事务所主任周吉高律师接受国际知名法律评级机构The Legal 500的邀请，撰写建设工程国别指南（中国篇）。近日，The Legal 500已正式在其官网发布该指南。“建领城达”公众号将对该指南的全部内容进行分期推送，本文为第五期，以飨读者！

Disputes

争议

Q23：How are construction and engineering disputes typically resolved in your jurisdiction (e.g. arbitration, litigation, adjudication)? What alternatives are available?

在你所在的司法管辖区，建设工程领域的纠纷通常是如何解决的（例如仲裁、诉讼、裁决）有哪些替代方法？

A23:The main mechanisms for resolving construction and engineering disputes are litigation and arbitration.The use of alternative dispute resolution is extremely rare in China..

建筑和工程纠纷的主要解决机制是诉讼和仲裁。采用替代性纠纷解决方式在中国极为罕见。

Q24:How supportive are the local courts of arbitration (domestic and international)? How long does it typically take to enforce an award?

当地法院对于仲裁（含国内仲裁和国际仲裁）的支持程度如何？执行仲裁裁决通常需要多长时间？

A24:The courts in China have always been highly supportive of domestic arbitral awards, providing further comprehensive and systematic safeguards and support for the enforcement of domestic arbitral awards through the Arbitration Law, the Provisions of the Supreme People's Court on Several Issues Relating to the Enforcement of Domestic Arbitral Awards and the Provisions of the Supreme People's Court on Several Issues Relating to the Handling of Cases of Enforcement of Arbitral Awards by the People's Courts.

With regard to international arbitration, Chinese courts are making efforts to enhance their support for international arbitration, and judicial practice shows that Chinese courts are increasingly recognising and enforcing awards under the New York Convention, and the Supreme People's Court has established a "reporting system" in judicial practice: in the event of refusal to recognise and enforce an award under the New York Convention, the refusal is reported to the Supreme Court at various levels. In the case of refusal to recognise and enforce an award under the New York Convention, the case is reported to the Supreme People's Court at each level for approval before a final decision can be made.

Under the Civil Procedure Law, the deadline for enforcement is six months after the receipt of the application for enforcement of the arbitration. However, as the respondent may file an application for non-enforcement or setting aside of the arbitral award, the court needs to make a determination on the aforementioned application, so the period of time for the actual enforcement of the arbitral award is not certain.

我国法院素来对于国内仲裁裁决给于高度支持，通过《仲裁法》《最高人民法院关于执行国内仲裁裁决若干问题的规定》《最高人民法院关于人民法院办理执行仲裁裁决案件若干问题的规定》为国内仲裁裁决的执行提供了进一步全面系统的保障和支持。

对于国际仲裁，我国法院正在努力提升对于国际仲裁的支持程度，从司法实践来看中国法院越来越多的承认和执行了《纽约公约》项下的裁决, 最高人民法院在司法实践当中建立了“报告制度”：对于拒绝承认和执行《纽约公约》项下裁决的情况，要逐级报告到最高人民法院，核准之后才可以做出最后的决定。

根据《民事诉讼法》的规定执行期限为收到仲裁执行申请后的六个月。但由于被申请人可能会提出不予执行仲裁裁决或者撤销仲裁裁决的申请，法院需要对前述申请作出认定，故仲裁裁决被实际执行的期限并不确定。

Q25:Are there any limitation periods for commencing disputes in your jurisdiction? 

你所在的司法管辖区是否有关于诉讼时效的规定？

A25:The statute of limitation periods for construction  cases is three years. According to Chinese law, the limitation period for requesting protection of civil rights from the people's court is three years. The limitation period is calculated from the date when the right holder knows or should know that the right has been damaged and the obligor. However, the People's Court shall not protect any rights that have been damaged for more than twenty years from the date of damage; in special circumstances, the People's Court may decide to extend the period upon the application of the right holder.

建设工程案件诉讼时效为三年。根据我国法律规定，向人民法院请求保护民事权利的诉讼时效期间为三年。诉讼时效期间自权利人知道或者应当知道权利受到损害以及义务人之日起计算。但是自权利受到损害之日起超过二十年的，人民法院不予保护;有特殊情况的，人民法院可以根据权利人的申请决定延长。

Q26:How common are multi-party disputes? How is liability apportioned between multiple defendants? Does your jurisdiction recognise net contribution clauses (which limit the liability of a defaulting party to a “fair and reasonable” proportion of the innocent party’s losses), and are these commonly used?  

多方纠纷是否常见？如何在多名被告之间分摊责任？你所在的司法管辖区是否认可净分摊条款（该条款将违约方造成无过失相对方损失的责任限制在一个公平合理的范围内）？这些条款是否常见？

A26:Multi-party disputes are very common, especially when there are situations such as subcontracting, re-contracting and dependency.

In principle, the court will apportion the liability for breach of contract according to the degree of fault of each party, the breach of contract, the actual performance of the contract and the terms of the contract. However, in judicial practice, there may be a tendency to protect the interests of migrant workers by having other subjects pay first when one subject is unable to settle. In addition, if the liquidated damages agreed in the contract are excessively higher than the actual loss, the court will also make adjustments at its discretion.

非常多见，尤其是存在分包、转包、挂靠等情形时。

原则上法院会根据各方主体的过错程度、违约行为、合同的实际履行情况以及合同条款的将违约责任进行分摊。但是在司法实践中可能会存在倾向于保障农民工的利益，在一方主体无法清偿时，由其他主体先行支付。此外，如果合同约定的违约金过分高于实际损失的话，法院也会酌情进行调整。

Opinion-based

观点

Q27：What are the biggest challenges and opportunities facing the construction sector in your jurisdiction?

在你所在的司法管辖区内，施工行业面临的最大挑战和机遇是什么？

A27:Challenges: The domestic and international economies continue to be affected by the New Crown epidemic, which has affected a wide variety of industries and a wide range of sectors. The construction market in particular has been severely affected, with the overall performance ability of contractors significantly reduced, construction companies facing increased risks and legal matters.

挑战：国内、国际经济持续受到新冠疫情影响，受影响行业种类多、范围广，尤其建筑市场受到严重影响，发包人的总体履约能力大幅下降，建工企业面临的风险加大，法律事务增多。

Based on: China is expected to gradually shake off the impact of the epidemic and economic activity will largely return to normal, with the construction industry, a pillar industry and traditional sector of the national economy, also set to recover. We predict that in the future, the construction industry will enter a new historical stage of development, with challenges and opportunities.

基于：中国有望逐步摆脱疫情的影响，经济活动也将基本回归常态，作为国民经济的支柱产业和传统行业的建筑业也将迎来复苏。我们预测，在未来，建筑业发展将进入新的历史阶段，挑战与机遇并存。

1. National urban cluster construction and regional coordinated development strategies will inject strong potential momentum into the development of the construction industry.

In recent years, driven by a series of supporting policies, the overall scale of fixed asset investment in core regions has been increasing year on year, and the level of urbanisation in China has continued to rise, driving the rapid growth in the scale of construction projects in the corresponding regions, injecting strong potential momentum for the development of the architectural design industry.

1.国家城市群建设及区域协调发展战略，为施工行业发展注入强大的潜在动力

近年来，在一系列配套政策驱动下，核心区域的固定资产投资规模总体逐年递增，中国城镇化水平持续提升，带动了对应区域建设项目规模的快速增长，为建筑设计行业的发展注入强大的潜在动力。

2. Green building technology innovation, bringing new business growth for the industry

2. 绿色建筑技术创新，为行业带来新业务增长点

"In July 2020, the Ministry of Housing and Construction, the Development and Reform Commission and other departments issued the Green Building Creation Action Plan", which aims to achieve a 70% share of green floor space in new urban buildings by 2022. In this context, the development of green buildings will further increase, thus bringing new business development opportunities to the construction industry.

“绿色建筑”技术的创新与推广不仅会决定“碳中和”目标能否顺利实现，而且也会推动广泛的技术创新，从而带来经济发展的新动能。2020年7月，住建部、发改委等多部门颁发《绿色建筑创建行动方案》，到2022年，城镇新建建筑中绿色建筑面积占比达到70%。在此背景之下，绿色建筑的开发将进一步加大，从而给施工行业带来新的业务发展机会。

Q28:What types of project are currently attracting the most investment in your jurisdiction (e.g. infrastructure, power, commercial property, offshore)?

在你所在的司法管辖区内，目前最吸引投资的项目类型是什么（如基础设施、能源、商业地产、海岸工程）？

A28:As the real estate market has continued to decline in recent years, the proportion of investment in traditional real estate projects to fixed asset investment has also been declining. However, with the burgeoning demand for "new infrastructure", the sector has provided new momentum for the development of the engineering industry and has attracted a large amount of investment. New infrastructure construction, represented by 5G networks, big data centres, industrial internet, extra high voltage, intercity high speed rail, etc., will become a key area of investment for the state and other institutions. Comprehensive provinces and cities have disclosed their investment plans, the scale of investment in "new infrastructure" has exceeded more than 30 trillion yuan, of which, it is expected that the scale of investment in "new infrastructure" in 2022 will exceed 25 trillion yuan. On the one hand, it will directly drive the development of the engineering industry; on the other hand, it will help promote the transformation and upgrading of the industry and create more space for development.

随着近年来房地产市场的持续下行，传统的房地产项目投资额占固定资产投资的比例也在不断下降。然而，随着“新基建”需求暴发，该领域为工程行业发展提供了全新动能，也吸引了大量投资。以5G网络、大数据中心、工业互联网、特高压、城际高铁等为代表的新型基础设施建设，将成为国家以及其他机构投资的重点领域。综合各省市已经披露的投资计划，“新基建”投资规模已超过30多万亿元，其中，预计2022年全国“新基建”投资规模超25万亿元。一方面将直接带动工程行业的发展；另一方有助于促进行业转型升级，创造更大的发展空间。

Q29:How do you envisage technology affecting the construction and engineering industry in your jurisdiction over the next five years?

在未来五年内，你认为技术会对所在司法管辖区内的建设工程行业产生何种影响？

A29:With the continuous development of science and technology, the technical level of building construction has also been developed accordingly, and new construction techniques have emerged, resulting in unprecedented improvements in construction efficiency, reducing project costs and shortening construction time, while enhancing the safety and reliability of construction, and injecting new momentum into the development of the entire project.

In addition, with the in-depth application of information technology in the field of construction engineering, an innovative approach to building design, construction and management (BIM) provides an open platform for information exchange and knowledge sharing throughout the project lifecycle for construction project organisations, prompting the reorganisation of the construction project innovation network and corresponding changes to the working patterns between the participants in the network organisation.

随着科学技术的不断发展，建筑施工的技术水平也相应得到了发展，全新的施工工艺不断涌现，使得施工效率得到了空前的提高，在降低工程成本、缩短施工时间的同时，增强了工程施工的安全可靠度，为整个工程的发展注入新动力。

此外随着信息技术在建设工程领域的深入应用，一种创新型建筑设计、施工和管理方法（BIM），为建设项目组织提供了贯穿项目全生命周期的信息交流与知识共享开放平台，促使建设工程项目创新网络重组以及网络组织参与方间工作模式作出相应改变。

Q30:What do you anticipate to be the impact from the COVID-19 pandemic over the coming year?"

在新的一年里，新冠疫情会产生哪些影响？

A30:In the short term, the impact of the epidemic on China's construction industry will continue, with delays in the arrival of workers, contradictions in the supply and demand of raw materials and the cost of the resumption system being unfavourable factors for the rapid resumption of work and production in the engineering industry. Due to the recurrence of the epidemic many cities will have "city closure", "road closure", "delay in resumption of work" and other strict preventive and control measures against the epidemic, the poor flow of construction workers, delayed return to work, short-term This may lead to a shortage of workers for the construction of projects. During the epidemic period, the shortage of raw material production capacity and reserves due to the suspension of work, and the rush of infrastructure projects after the resumption of work, will lead to a significant increase in short-term demand for raw materials, which will lead to an oversupply in the market and pressure for price increases, and may further delay the project schedule due to the shortage of raw materials. The system of approval for resumption of work, epidemic safety inspection, closed management of construction sites and isolation of employees returning to work in epidemic areas implemented in various regions due to the need for epidemic prevention and control may continue for some time, increasing the economic and time costs of resumption of work and production.

短期来看，疫情对于我国建筑行业的冲击仍会持续，工人到岗时间延迟、原材料供需矛盾大和复工制度成本等，是工程行业快速复工复产的不利因素。由于疫情的反复很多城市会存在“封城”“封路”“复工延迟”等严格的疫情防控措施下，建筑工人流动不畅、返岗时间延迟，短期或导致项目建设工人短缺。疫情期间，因停工导致原材料产能不足、储备下降，复工后迎来基建项目赶工潮，原材料短期需求大增，市场供不应求，价格上涨压力大，项目工期或因原材料短缺而进一步延迟。各地区因疫情防控需要而实施的复工审批、疫情安全检查、工地封闭管理、返岗的疫区员工隔离等制度，可能还会持续一段时间，增加了复工复产的经济成本和时间成本。

In the long run, the epidemic will not change the long-term trend of China's construction industry for the better. With the government's counter-cyclical policy regulation, the engineering industry will usher in a favourable window period. As an important tool for counter-cyclical adjustment, investment in infrastructure construction has been an important grip for "stable growth". The epidemic has increased the downward pressure on China's economy, and infrastructure investment will play an important role in the economic recovery after the epidemic. In addition, many provinces and cities trillion scale infrastructure construction investment plan, for the development of the engineering industry has created an important opportunity.

从长期来看，疫情不会改变中国建筑业长期向好的趋势，政府逆周期的政策调节，工程行业将迎来利好窗口期。作为逆周期调节的重要工具，基础建设投资一直是“稳增长”的重要抓手。此次疫情加大了我国经济下行压力，基建投资在疫后经济恢复中将发挥重要作用。此外，众多省市万亿规模的基础设施建设投资计划，为工程行业发展创造了重要机遇。

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